Examining citizenship regimes in Assam through a structural and cultural violence lens.

In this paper, we examine citizenship crisis in the Northeast Indian state of Assam through the lenses of structural and cultural violence. In 2019, close to two million people in Assam were disenfranchised by updating the National Register of Citizens (NRC). The vast majority of those disenfranchised are Miya people who have been subjected to legacies of persecution and violence since the early 19th century during British colonial rule. We map the contours of the citizenship crisis by centering the struggles of Miya communities who are most deeply impacted by violent citizenship regimes. Using a structural and cultural violence lens, we elucidate the linkages between colonial histories, (post)colonial policies, and institutional practices on the one hand and Miya people's everyday struggles on the other. Across these analyses, we demonstrate how current citizenship regimes operate as a form of state-sanctioned violence against Miya people. The implications of these analyses for rethinking contemporary notions of citizenship and belonging for community-engaged scholarship are discussed.

Subjetivar-se em situação de violência: a violência de estado e a criminalidade na vida dos adolescentes da periferia autores de atos infracionais / Becoming subjects in a context of violence: state violence and criminality in the lives of adolescent offenders from the periphery / Subjetivación en situación de violencia: la violencia del estado y la criminalidad en la vida de los adolescentes de la periferia autores de actos infraccionales

Na pesquisa em questão, relaciona-se a violência de Estado com a criminalidade na vida dos adolescentes da periferia autores de atos infracionais, partindo do viés da Psicologia Social. Abordando a historicidade das violências estruturais no Brasil, enquanto configuração de um Estado democrático de exceção permanente - pela implementação de um projeto necropolítico -, o trabalho baseou-se em quatro eixos teóricos principais: a violência de Estado, a necropolítica, o racismo estrutural e os adolescentes autores de atos infracionais. Para pensar os efeitos psicossociais da segregação, da violência, do racismo e da criminalização da pobreza na construção da subjetividade dos adolescentes autores de atos infracionais, o trabalho teve como método a análise do livro "Memórias de um Sobrevivente", de Luiz Alberto Mendes. As discussões abrangem o crime enquanto status e visibilidade; as análises de uma vida imersa em violência generalizada; e as torturas policiais em relação com a violência por vingança. Conclui-se que os estigmas aprisionam o sujeito em crenças de que ele só tem capacidade de ser o "marginal esperado", quem reage violentamente como efeito psicossocial de uma violência estrutural que produz sujeitos agressivos. Assim, a criação de novas práticas de atuação em psicologia nas situações sociais críticas se faz imprescindível e urgente. (AU)

In the research at hand, we explore the relationship between State violence and criminality in the lives of adolescents residing in marginalized commu-nities who have committed delinquent acts, from the perspective of Social Psychology. Addressing the historical context of structural violence in Brazil as a manifestation of a democratic state of permanent exception - through the implementation of a necropolitical agenda - this study is founded on four primary theoretical pillars: State violence, necropolitics, structural racism, and adolescent offenders. To contemplate the psychosocial repercussions of segregation, violence, racism, and the criminalization of poverty in the formation of the subjectivity of adolescent delinquents, this work employs the analysis of the book "Memórias de um Sobrevivente" by Luiz Alberto Mendes as its methodology. Discussions encompass the concept of crime as a social status and its visibility; analyses of a life deeply entrenched in pervasive violence; and police brutality within the context of retaliatory violence. Our conclusion asserts that the societal stigmas ensnare these adolescents, confining them to the belief that they are destined to be the "expected delinquent," predisposed to react violently as a psychosocial response to the structural violence that fosters aggressive behaviors. Consequently, the development of novel psychological interventions in critical social contexts is both imperative and urgent. (AU)

En la investigación en cuestión, la violencia estatal está relacionada con la criminalidad en la vida de los adolescentes de la periferia que cometieron delitos, por la perspectiva de la Psicología Social. Abordando la historicidad de la violencia estructural, en Brasil, como una configuración de un estado democrático de excepción permanente - a través de la implementación de un proyecto necropolítico. El trabajo se basó en cuatro ejes teóricos: la violencia de Estado, necropolítica, racismo estructural y adolescentes autores de actos infraccionales. Para reflexionar sobre los efectos psicosociales de la segregación, violencia, racismo y criminalización de la pobreza en la construcción de la subjetividad de los adolescentes en conflicto con la ley, fue utilizado el análisis del libro "Memórias de um Sobrevivente", de Luiz Alberto Mendes. Los debates abarcan el crimen como estatus y visibilidad; análisis de una vida inmersa en la violencia generalizada; y tortura policial en relación con la violencia por venganza. Se concluye que los estigmas aprisionan al sujeto en creencias de que solo tiene la capacidad de ser el "marginal esperado", que reacciona violentamente como efecto psicosocial de una violencia estructural que produce sujetos agresivos. Así, la creación de nuevas prácticas en psicología en situaciones sociales críticas es fundamental y urgente. (AU)

No Escape: Mass Incarceration and the Social Ecology of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women.

Women in heavily policed and incarcerated communities face extremely high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV)-but how criminal legal system contact affects such violence remains poorly understood. This study explores the social ecology of IPV by fitting structural equation models to longitudinal, dyadic data from households in contact with the criminal legal system (N = 2,224) and their local communities. Results suggest that a complex of factors at multiple social-ecological levels-including adverse local conditions, dysfunctional couple conflict, and men's behavioral health and perceptions of their neighborhoods-may put women at heightened risk of IPV victimization in a time of mass incarceration.

Mapping Coercive Violence.

We conceptualize a new and distinct form of intimate partner violence: coercive violence. Coercive violence is a form of intimate partner violence in which the abuser intentionally engages in acts that expose his partner to state surveillance and violence at the behest of institutions or the state, including the child welfare system and the criminal legal system. Because the violence is perpetrated by an institution rather than an individual, it is difficult for the victim/survivor to seek justice or retribution. We conclude with suggestions for future research that interrogates coercive violence, its impacts on victims/survivors, and strategies for preventing it.

Living Death at the Intersection of Necropower and Disciplinary Power: A Qualitative Exploration of Racialised and Detained Groups in Australia.

This article challenges state-sponsored violence in Australia by exploring the experiences of young Indigenous people in youth detention and refugees in immigration detention in Australia as a form of living death. This article examines how this living death manifests by qualitatively analysing publicly accessible first-hand accounts from Indigenous young people about their experiences of youth imprisonment and from refugees about their experiences of immigration detention onshore and offshore. The findings suggest that when necropower and disciplinary power intersect four overlapping expressions of violence emerge: structural violence, epistemic violence, physical violence and brutality, and disciplinary violence. It is the complex overlapping of these multiple forms of harm that creates an experience of living death. In privileging the voices of young Indigenous people and refugees, this article also recognises their continued refusal of past and present colonial structures and the associated violence of carceral spaces.

Bringing the "Invisible Population" to Light: Justice for Incarcerated and Formerly Incarcerated Women.

Women who are involved in the correctional system are often neglected and overlooked. Although justice-involved women enter the carceral system with high levels of abuse and trauma, many are exposed to State violence from staff or incarcerated individuals. Criminal victimization in prison presents a significant threat to one's well-being. According to international human rights law, preventing and combatting violence against women is the responsibility of the State in all contexts, including prisons. It is imperative that women be treated humanely while under the custody of the State, which increases odds of post-release success. Policy implications and recommendations are discussed.

"Eles vão certeiros nos nossos filhos": adoecimentos e resistências de mães de vítimas de ação policial no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / "They go right after our children": illnesses and resistance of mothers of police brutality victims in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Resumo Este artigo trata das experiências de mulheres negras organizadas em grupos de ativismo social para lutar por justiça pelas mortes dos seus filhos, vítimas da atuação violenta de agentes do Estado. Essas mortes são analisadas como parte do genocídio da população negra e são resultado da ação de um Estado que opera no modo necropolítico, em que o racismo é ferramenta ideológica para a produção de descartabilidade de corpos negros. Neste trabalho, a partir dos relatos de quatro mulheres residentes em territórios dominados pela violência armada no Rio de Janeiro, conhecemos a forma como elas se organizam politicamente na luta por justiça, memória e reparação; e também seus adoecimentos e estratégias de cuidado individual e coletivo. Observamos a ausência de abrigo das suas demandas pelo sistema de saúde e pelas políticas de assistência social, ao passo que o espaço do ativismo se destaca como produtor de cuidado e acolhimento.

Abstract This paper addresses the experiences of Black women organized in social activism to fight for justice for the deaths of their children, victims of police brutality. These deaths are analyzed as part of the genocide of Black people and result from the action of a State operating in a necropolitical fashion, in which racism is an ideological tool for the production of disposability of Black bodies. In this work, the stories of four women living in territories dominated by gun violence in Rio de Janeiro reveal how they organize themselves politically to fight for justice, memory and reparation; and their illnesses and individual and collaborative care strategies. We observe the refusal of their demands by the health system and the social assistance policies, while the activism stands out as a producer of care and acceptance.

Health Implications of Racialized State Violence Against South Asians in the USA.

South Asians, one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in the USA today, trace their roots to countries in the Indian subcontinent (e.g., Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) and its global diaspora. With a wide range of cultural, religious, and linguistic diversity, as well as immigration experiences and inequality, South Asians have experienced racialized violence and discrimination since first arriving in the USA in the 1700s. Following September 11, 2001, South Asians and other groups racialized as "Brown," including Muslim, Sikh, Middle Eastern, and Arab Americans, have experienced a marked increase in state violence, including racist laws, policies, and immigration enforcement. Despite abundant evidence of the adverse effects of violence on mental and physical health, there is limited research examining the impact of this racialized state violence on the health of South Asians in the USA. We summarize and synthesize existing peer-reviewed and gray literature on the prevalence and types of violence experienced by South Asians in the USA and enumerate their potential detrimental health impacts. We highlight the paucity of public health data and propose a conceptual framework describing how racialized violence and hate have significant implications for health among South Asians in the USA. Ultimately, these findings illuminate the need for change at the highest levels of governance to mitigate and resist hate violence, including through political participation and inclusion and equitable allocation of social and economic resources, to improve the health of South Asians in the USA.

The role of memory practices in building spiritual solidarity for survivors of state violence.

This article examines memory as a tool for transnational solidarity that is grounded in spiritual connection with those who have been disappeared or killed by state actors in Colombia. Remembering is one of the ways people come together to push against mechanisms of state violence that render survivors as invisible. By interviewing 15 survivors of state violence in Colombia, this study shows how memory is a life force transmitting agency while simultaneously keeping survivors' memory alive through a network of spiritual solidarity. In this ethnographic research, I ask: How can memory, grounded in spiritual connection, be a form of transnational solidarity and a tool for healing and social justice? The findings offer a powerful definition of spiritual solidarity and show how it is done through memory practices by (1) using memory symbols in everyday actions to connect to loved ones, (2) keeping the memories of loved ones alive by "seeing" them in others and in their surroundings, (3) creating spaces for others to build a spiritual relationship with their own loved ones, and (4) making memory work life's purpose. This article concludes with a set of recommendations for how to conduct community psychology research in service of social justice movements.

Clínicas do Testemunho na elaboração do traumático: violência de Estado na ditadura civil-militar brasileira / Clínicas del Testimonio en la elaboración de traumatismos: la violencia de Estado en la dictadura cívico-militar brasileña / Testimony Clinic and trauma: State violence in Brazilian civil-military dictatorship

Na ditadura civil-militar brasileira (1964-1985) ocorreu uma violação sistemá-tica de Direitos Humanos por parte do Estado, o que impôs à sociedade medo e silenciamento. Pessoas vítimas dessas violências não tiveram espaço social que legitimasse a realidade e o sofrimento de suas vivências. Em 2012, foi lançado o projeto Clínicas do Testemunho, iniciando um trabalho de reparação psíquica dessas vítimas. Estudando as especificidades do trauma de violência de Estado e tortura política e apresentando os conceitos de espaço potencial e de testemunho, o objetivo do artigo é estabelecer um diálogo entre esses conceitos e o trabalho realizado pelas Clínicas do Testemunho, para compreender como esta reparação psíquica pode se dar na prática. Trata-se de um estudo teórico fundamentado na Psicanálise. Conclui-se que o testemunho é uma ferramenta potente para se trabalhar o traumático. Discutir o tema é um posicionamento político, de resgate da história, memória e verdade.

En la dictadura militar brasileña (1964-1985), hubo violación sistemática de los Derechos Humanos por parte del Estado, que impuso miedo y silencio a la sociedad. Las personas víctimas de esta violencia no tenían un espacio social que legitimara la realidad y el sufrimiento de sus experiencias. En 2012, se lanzó el proyecto Clínicas del Testimonio, comenzando un trabajo de repa-ración psíquica de esas víctimas. Al estudiar las especificidades del trauma de la violencia del Estado e de la tortura política, y los conceptos de espacio potencial y testimonio, el objetivo de este artigo es dialogar eses conceptos con el trabajo echo por las Clínicas de Testimonio, para comprender cómo se podría practicar esta reparación psíquica. Es un estudio teórico basado en el Psicoanálisis. Se concluye que el testimonio es una herramienta potente para trabajar el traumático. Discutir el tema es una posición política, rescate de la historia, memoria y verdad.

During the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship (1964-1985), Human Rights were systematically violated by the State, inflicting fear and silence on the country's citizens. Victims of violence did not have a social space that legi-timized the reality and suffering of their experiences. In 2012, the project Clinicas do Testemunho, (Testimony Clinic) was launched, working with the psychological reparation of these victims. Studying the specificities of State violence trauma and political torture, and also the concepts of Potential Space and testimony, this article aims to establish a dialogue between these concepts and the work developed by the Clinicas do Testemunho to understand how this work could take place in practice. This is a theoretical study based on Psychoanalysis that concludes that the testimony of those who witnessed it all is a powerful tool to work with trauma. Discussing the topic is also political, reclaiming history, memory, and truth.

Os programas de proteção a testemunhas no brasil: a produção do testemunho como peça processual / Witness protection programs in brazil: the fabrication of testimonies as pleadings / Los programas de protección de testigos en brasil: la producción del testimonio como pieza procesal

Este artigo tem como objetos o Programa Estadual de Proteção a Vítimas e Testemunhas Ameaçadas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e sua relação com a importância do testemunho para a produção de provas judiciais. Com base em um referencial foucaultiano, busca-se interrogar as condições de possibilidade de emergência dessa política pública nos moldes pelos quais é concebida e pensar sobre as racionalidades de Estado que produzem efeitos no governo das vidas que tal programa intenciona proteger. É utilizado como disparador para a discussão o filme "Quanto vale ou é por quilo?", tratado como materialidade questionadora da lógica de mercado introduzida nas políticas públicas executadas pelo chamado "Terceiro Setor". Em uma análise das formas de execução das políticas públicas, é problematizada a importância de se romper a lógica mercantilista imbuída nesse processo, em especial, a dos programas de proteção às testemunhas, como uma função ético-política da Psicologia.

The objects of this study are the State Victim Witness Assistance Program in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and its relation to the importance of testimony to bring forth legal evidence. The conditions for the emergence of the public policy as devised are questioned on the basis of a Foucauldian framework. The State rationalities which have produced effects on the handling of the lives that the program is intended to protect are also pondered over. The movie "Quanto vale ou é por quilo?" [How much or it’s per kilo?] has been used as a trigger in this discussion, adressed as the materiality that questions the market logic introduced by the so-called Third Sector. Examining the ways of implementation of public policies, the importance of disrupting the mercantilist logic in this process has also been put into question, particularly that which concerns witness protection programs, as a Psychology political-ethical role.

Este artículo mantiene su enfoque en el Programa Estatal de Protección de Víctimas y Testigos Amenazados del Estado de Rio Grande do Sul y su relación con la importancia del testimonio para la producción de pruebas judiciales. Desde una referencia foucaultiana, se busca investigar las condiciones de posibilidad para la emergencia de esa política pública según está concebida, además de pensar sobre las racionalidades del Estado que producen efectos en el gobierno de las vidas que el programa intenta proteger. Se utilizó como disparador de esta discusión la película "¿Quanto vale ou é por quilo?", comprendida como una materialidad cuestionadora de la lógica de mercado introducida en las políticas públicas ejecutadas por el llamado "Tercer Sector". En el análisis de las formas de ejecución de las políticas públicas, se cuestiona la importancia de romper con la lógica mercantilista inherente a este proceso, en particular la de los programas de protección a testigos, como una función ético-política de la psicología.

Epidemiological rage: Population, biography, and state responsibility in trans- health activism.

This article examines how social movements reconceptualized trans-health in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Looking ethnographically to medical and activist practice, the article analyzes "epidemiological biographies", or activist-produced community-based studies blending quantitative and narrative data. It draws on population health, feminist science studies, transgender studies, and social theory to discuss the circulation and implications of these publications. Specifically, it describes how epidemiological biographies disputed health behavioral models by defining state violence and criminalization as primary conditions endangering health and life expectancy among travestis and trans-people. The article analyzes how activist researchers made state violence legible through logics of population health, even as the concept of "population" also emerged from techniques of state control. In contrast with models that place individual behavior at the locus of health interventions, activists instead advanced interventions that contested state securitization and shifted resource distribution. Epidemiological biographies had a considerable effect on national trans-health politics, providing an evidentiary basis for several regulatory shifts. These studies emerged in part through collective political action that reformulated dominant modes of statistical aggregation. This statistical turn-which I call "statistical collectivization"-produced contradictory effects. At one level, it obscured differential conditions of criminalization and violence. At another, it directed attention to the markedly racialized, sexualized, classed, and gendered forms of subjugation that materialize in landscapes of trans-health, and prioritized materially distributive regulation over and above civil protections. Through these contradictory actions, social movements reformulated dominant notions of health by challenging state securitization and contesting state power.

Construção de testemunhos de violência de estado: exercício político da formação em psicologia / Construction of testimonies of state violence: political exercise of psychology graduation / Construcción de testimonios de violencia de estado: ejercicio político de la formación en psicología / Construction de temoignages de violence d'état: exercice politique de la formation en psycologie

O presente artigo discute as possibilidades de construção de testemunhos de violência de Estado como uma ferramenta clínico-política no âmbito das práticas da formação em psicologia. A orientação metodológica da narratividade como política sustentou a análise de uma experiência coletiva, articulando o processo de testemunhar e narrar com escritas de cenas de situações de violação de direitos no contexto brasileiro. O campo problemático desta pesquisa encontra-se em diferentes experiências da formação psi envolvendo o testemunho, entre as quais destacamos um projeto de extensão universitária que trabalha com familiares de adolescentes em medida socioeducativa. Buscamos analisar quais elementos estão em jogo para a construção de um testemunho de violência de Estado e como sustentar nossa presença enquanto testemunhas. Por fim, destacamos o exercício ético da transmissão no reconhecimento público de uma memória coletiva como uma estratégia de compor uma psicologia de nosso tempo.

This article discusses the possibilities of construction of testimonies of state violence as a clinical-political tool within the practice of psychology graduation. The methodological orientation of narratives as politics supported the analysis of a collective experience, articulating the process of witnessing and narrating with writings scenes of situations of rights violation in the Brazilian context. The problematic field of this research is found in different experiences of psi formation involving testimony, amongst which we highlight a project of university extension that works with relatives of adolescents in socio-educational measure. We seek to analyze what elements are at stake for the construction of a testimony of state violence and how to sustain ourpresence as witnesses. Finally, we highlight the ethical exercise of transmission in the public recognition of a collective memory as a strategy to compose a psychology of our time.

Este artículo discute las posibilidades de construcción de testimonios de la violencia del Estado como una herramienta clínica-político en el contexto de prácticas de la formación en psicologia. La orientación metodológica de la narratividad como ejercicio político sostiene el análisis de una experiencia colectiva, articulando el proceso de testimoniar y narrar con escrituras de escenas de situaciones de violación de derechos en el contexto brasileno. El campo problemático de esta investigación abarca diferentes experiencias de la formación en psicologia envolviendo el testimonio, entre las cuales destacamos un proyecto de extensión universitaria que trabaja con familiares de jóvenes que cumplen medida socioeducativa. El estudio analiza qué elementos están en juego para la construcción de un testimonio de violencia de Estado y cómo sostener nuestra presencia como testigos. Para finalizar destacamos el ejercicio ético de la transmisión en el reconocimiento público de una memoria colectiva como una estrategia para construir una psicologia de nuestro tiempo.

Cet article examine les possibilités de construction des témoignages de la violence d'État en tant qu'instrument clinique-politique dans le cadre des pratiques de la formation en psychologie. L 'orientation méthodologique de la narrativité en tant que politique a soutenu l'analyse d'une expérience collective, articulant le processus de témoigner et narrer aux écrits des scènes de situations de violation des droits dans le contexte brésilien. Le domaine problématique de cette recherche se retrouve dans différentes expériences de formation psi impliquant le témoignage, parmi lesquelles nous mettons en évidence un projet de extension universitaire qui travaille avec des proches d>adolescents qui cumprent mesure socio-éducative. Nous cherchons à analyser quels éléments sont en jeu pour la construction d'un témoignage de la violence d'État et comment soutenir notre présence en tant que témoins. Enfin, nous soulignons l'exercice éthique de la transmission dans la reconnaissance publique d'une mémoire collective en tant que stratégie pour composer une psychologie de notre temps.

Violência de Estado, Juventudes e Subjetividades: Experiências em uma Delegacia Especializada / State Violence, Youths and Subjectivities: Experiences in a Specialized Police Station / Violencia de Estado, Juventudes y Subjetividades: Experiencias en una Comisaría Especializada

Partindo do pressuposto de que subjetividades são produzidas a partir das dimensões histórica, política e social e baseados nas discussões de Judith Butler acerca da violência normativa, pretendemos neste artigo, diante de recortes da violência de Estado, refletir sobre os processos de subjetivação de jovens considerados em conflito com a lei. Sustentada nas práticas experienciadas na (des)construção e (des)continuidade de um ano de estágio obrigatório em uma Delegacia Especializada, a discussão articula os recortes da experiência com conceitos como enquadramento, segurança pública e polícia cidadã. Para a Psicologia é importante não só olhar para esses processos de subjetivação da juventude, mas também levantar a discussão da implicação tanto a partir da posição de representantes do Estado, quanto da posição como sujeitos e cidadãos. Concluímos, portanto, que o(a) psicólogo(a) que atua(m) na polícia deve(m) assumir um papel político de deslocar o enquadramento e legitimar uma polícia que também se implique nesse emaranhado de questões....(AU)

Based on the assumption that subjectivities are produced from historical, political and social dimensions and in light of Judith Butler's discussions about normative violence, we intend in this article, in the face of state violence fragments, to reflect upon the subjectification processes of young people considered to be in conflict with the law. Sustained in the practices experienced in the construction and continuity of a year of internship in a Specialized Police Station, the discussion articulates the experience fragments with concepts such as framing, public safety and citizen police. To Psychology, it is important not only to look at these subjectification processes of young people, but also to raise the discussion of implication from the position of representatives of the state, as well as the position of subjects and citizens. We conclude, therefore, that the psychologist who works in the police must assume a political role of displacing, framing and legitimizing a police that is also involved in this tangle of issues....(AU)

Partiendo del presupuesto de que subjetividades se producen a partir de las dimensiones histórica, política y social y basándose en discusiones de Judith Butler acerca de la violencia normativa, pretendemos en este artículo, delante de recortes de la violencia de Estado, reflexionar sobre los procesos de subjetivación de jovenes considerados en conflicto con la ley. Sustentada en las prácticas experimentadas de (des)construcción y (des)continuidad de un año de prácticas curriculares en una Comisaría Especializada, la discusión articula los recortes de la experiencia con conceptos como encuadramiento, seguridad pública y policía ciudadana. Para la Psicología es importante no solo mirar para estos procesos de subjetivación de la juventud como también levantar la discusión sobre la implicación tanto a partir de la posición de representantes del Estado, cuanto de la posición como sujetos y ciudadanos. Concluimos, por lo tanto, que el(la) psicólogo(a) que actúa(n) en la policía debe(n) asumir un rol político de dislocar el encuadramiento y legitimar una policía que también se implique en este enmarañado de cuestiones....(AU)

A memória política como instrumento de ação pública e reconhecimento intersubjetivo / La memoria política como instrumento de acción publica y reconocimiento recíproco / Political memory as an instrument of public action and reciprocal recognition / La mémoire politique en tant qu'instrument d'action publique et de reconnaissance intersubjective

O presente artigo discute as relações entre memória e poder do Estado e propõe a memória política construída nos e por meio dos movimentos sociais como um instrumento de ação pública. Apresenta-se o diagnóstico acerca do Estado Moderno que aponta para altos índices e legitimidade do uso da violência e para a marginalidade de grande parte dos movimentos sociais na tomada de decisões políticas. Isso é reforçado pela análise da sociologia da ação pública em relação à consolidação de uma estrutura excludente de formulação e implementação de políticas públicas e da necessidade de uma inversão por meio da identificação e transformação dos instrumentos de ação pública. Desenvolve-se a articulação entre memória política, reconhecimento recíproco e autonomia intersubjetiva que embasa a proposta de legitimação e estímulo do Estado para a construção da memória política. Tal proposta compõe um projeto de desideologização e descolonização da memória protagonizado pelos movimentos sociais.

This article discusses the relations between memory and power of the State and proposes the political memory constructed in and through social movements as an instrument of public action. It presents the diagnosis about the Modern State that points to high indexes and legitimacy of the use of violence and to the marginality of most social movements in political decision-making. This is reinforced by the analysis of the sociology of public action about the consolidation of an excluding structure of formulation and implementation of public policies and the need for an inversion through the identification and transformation of public action instruments. It develops the articulation between political memory, reciprocal recognition and intersubjective autonomy that bases the proposal of legitimation and stimulus of the State for the construction of political memory. This proposal composes a project of de-ideologization and decolonization of memory lead by social movements.

El presente artículo discute las relaciones entre memoria y poder del Estado y propone la memoria política construida en los y por medio de los movimientos sociales como un instrumento de acción pública. Se presenta el diagnóstico acerca del Estado Moderno que apunta hacia altos índices de violencia y hacia la marginalidad de gran parte de los movimientos sociales en la toma de decisiones políticas. Esto se ve reforzado por el análisis de la sociología de la acción pública con relación a la consolidación de una estructura excluyente de formulación e implementación de políticas públicas y a la necesidad de inversión por medio de la identificación y transformación de los instrumentos de acción pública. Se desarrolla la articulación entre memoria política, reconocimiento recíproco y autonomía intersubjetiva que es la base para la propuesta de legitimación y estímulo del Estado para la construcción de la memoria política. Tal propuesta compone un proyecto de desideologización y descolonización de la memoria protagonizada por los movimientos sociales.

Cet article présente un débat sur les relations entre la mémoire et le pouvoir de l'État et propose la mémoire politique, construite dans et par les mouvements sociaux, comme un instrument d'action publique. Il présente un diagnostic sur l'État Moderne qu'indique les hauts indexes et légitimité de l'usage de la violence et aussi de l'exclusion delà majorité des mouvements sociaux dans le processus de prise des décisions. Ceci est renforcé par l'analyse de la sociologie de l'action publique sur la consolidation d'une structure d'exclusion dans la formulation et l'implémentation de politiques publiques et la nécessité d'une inversion par l'identification et transformation des instruments d'action publique. Il développe l'articulation entre mémoire politique, reconnaissance réciproque et l'autonomie intersubjective qui soutient la proposition de légitimation et encouragement de l'État pour la construction de la mémoire politique. Cette proposition compose un projet de désidéologisation e décolonisation de la mémoire, qui a les mouvements sociaux comme agents principaux.

Memória, verdade, trauma e testemunho: a clínica psicanalítica diante da violência de Estado / Memory, truth, trauma and testimony: psychoanalytic practice in the face of State violence

O presente artigo aborda efeitos do discurso da ciência e sua relação com a violência de Estado no laço social no Brasil. Trabalha os traumas decorrentes do desmentido da verdade, do silenciamento e do apagamento da memória subjetiva e social do terror de Estado. Trata ainda dos efeitos da foraclusão do sujeito nesse discurso e as perspectivas do projeto Clínicas do Testemunho em sua elaboração. (AU)

The present article approaches the effects of the discourse of science and its relation with State violence in the social tie in Brazil, the traumas it causes, the denial of truth, the silencing and erasing of subjective and social memory of State terror, the effects of the foreclosure of the subject in this discourse and the perspectives of elaboration in the testimonial clinics project. (AU)

Tentações do mal e as Clínicas do Testemunho / Attempts of evil and the clinics of the testimony

Este trabalho apresenta, a partir da experiência do projeto Clínicas do Testemunho, a destrutividade como tema do mal, quando a violência de Estado gera a destituição do sujeito e do outro enquanto alteridade. Percorrendo as ideias freudianas de trauma, posterioridade e cisão do ego, busca-se demonstrar como o efeito disruptivo do real encontra – a partir de fragmentos de memória – ancoragem na escuta analítica de sujeitos que sofreram violência de Estado e que torna possível um "caminho de volta" na história de vida. (AU)

The article presents, from Clinic of Testimony project starting point, the destructiveness as an evil theme when the State violence generates the dismissal of the subject and the other as alterity. Going through freudians ideas of trauma, posterity and splitting of the ego, looks to demonstrate from fragments of memory how the disruptive effect of the real finds anchorage in the analytical listening of subjects who suffered state violence which then makes possible a "way back" in the life story. (AU)

The Criminalization of Physicians and the Delegitimization of Violence in Turkey.

In June 2013, protests that erupted in Gezi Park in Istanbul, Turkey were met with state violence, mobilizing hundreds of native physicians to deliver emergency medical care. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in makeshift clinics during these protests, interviews with Gezi physicians and analyses of recent laws restricting emergency care provision, in this article I explore the criminalization of clinical practice through legal and coercive means of the government and the delegitimization of state violence through clinical and expert witnessing practices of physicians. As I show, material, legal, and discursive articulations of the idiom of medical neutrality revolve around the tension between medical praxis as neutrality and medical praxis as political participation. I offer a reconsideration of medical humanitarian and human rights regimes in terms of their consequences for inciting, documenting and restricting state violence.

Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and State Violence: Medical Documentation of Torture in Turkey.

State authorities invested in developing official expert discourses and practices to deny torture in post-1980 coup d'état Turkey. Documentation of torture was therefore crucial for the incipient human rights movement there in the 1980s. Human rights physicians used their expertise not only to treat torture victims but also to document torture and eventually found the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey (HRFT) in 1990. Drawing on an ethnographic and archival research at the HRFT, this article examines the genealogy of anti-torture struggles in Turkey and argues that locally mediated intimacies and/or hostilities between victims of state violence, human rights physicians, and official forensics reveal the limitations of certain universal humanitarian and human rights principles. It also shows that locally mediated long-term humanitarian encounters around the question of political violence challenge forensic denial of violence and remake the legitimate levels of state violence.

Medical Humanitarianism Under Atmospheric Violence: Health Professionals in the 2013 Gezi Protests in Turkey.

During the 2013 Gezi protests in Turkey, volunteering health professionals provided on-site medical assistance to protesters faced with police violence characterized by the extensive use of riot control agents. This led to a government crackdown on the medical community and the criminalization of "unauthorized" first aid amidst international criticisms over violations of medical neutrality. Drawing from ethnographic observations, in-depth interviews with health care professionals, and archival research, this article ethnographically analyzes the polarized encounter between the Turkish government and medical professionals aligned with social protest. I demonstrate how the context of "atmospheric violence"-the extensive use of riot control agents like tear gas-brings about new politico-ethical spaces and dilemmas for healthcare professionals. I then analyze how Turkish health professionals framed their provision of health services to protestors in the language of medical humanitarianism, and how the state dismissed their claims to humanitarian neutrality by criminalizing emergency care. Exploring the vexed role that health workers and medical organizations played in the Gezi protests and the consequent political contestations over doctors' ethical, professional, and political responsibilities, this article examines challenges to medical humanitarianism and neutrality at times of social protest in and beyond the Middle East.